Jon, a sales associate at GNC in Kitchener, Ontario recently asked Dr. Burke:"I noticed that
ENCHARGE had sources of caffeine in it. Won't the caffeine increase stomach acidity and cause the creatine to break down into its toxic byproduct? Or does the binding the creatine to protein prevent that? Thanks in advance for looking into this."
Dr. Burke responds:
"Hi Jon. Thanks for the great question. What happens to creatine in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach or when combined with an acidic beverage is a common concern among creatine users. Unfortunately, marketing literature is the reason for these concerns. I will provide you with an academic answer based on scientific literature, which can be easily found by searching
http://www.pubmed.com/. Creatine is converted to creatinine and excreted from the body. This is a natural and normal process that occurs in muscle tissue via a non-enzymatic pathway. There has been much concern that creatine taken orally as a supplement could lead to elevated creatinine production and therefore potential for harm to liver and kidneys. To date there have only been a few published articles that have found small increases in blood creatinine with supplementation and most have found no change. The reason for no change is simple: excess circulating creatine is quickly excreted in the urine as unaltered creatine and removed from the body. The concern about the acidic environment of the stomach and conversion of creatine to creatinine is based on partial truth. The classic bench chemistry procedure for assessing the amount of creatine and creatinine in human tissue (blood or urine) involves a reaction called the Jaffe reaction. This procedure is used in all of the labs that I am aware of including several well-known physiologists such as Dr. Mark Tarnopolsky, Dr. Paul Greenhalf, Dr. Peter Lemon, Dr. Richard Kreider and others. I know this because I have provided all of them with the procedures as optimized in these tissues from our lab. Briefly, the Jaffe reaction involves putting the tissue in strong acid (picric acid, about the same pH as stomach acid) and then heating to 100 degrees Celsius for one hour. In the thousands of assays that we have run, if the temperature is even slightly less than 100 degrees Celsius we get less than 50% conversion from creatine to creatinine. If you do not keep these conditions for one hour then you get even less conversion. Now in the stomach we have a very strong acid pH (about 1 and similar to the picric acid in the Jaffe reaction) but the temperature of the stomach is that of normal body temperature and about 37 degrees Celsius. Furthermore, the contents of the stomach rarely remain in the stomach for more than 10 minutes because they move into the small intestine for greater absorption of nutrients.
In summary, creatine can be mixed with water, grape juice, coffee, or even battery acid* and you would get the same conversion of creatine to creatinine (minimal at best). *Of course, never consume battery acid -- my point in mentioning battery acid is to emphasize the chemical principles at play here. I tell athletes to consume creatine with whatever beverage they prefer (some don’t want the calories from carbs) and to take it with a meal if they like in order to combine with carbohydrates because combining creatine with a carbohydrate-rich beverage increases blood insulin levels which is well-known to increase creatine uptake into skeletal muscle.
ENCHARGE Athletes Creatine contains unique creatine-amino peptides (glutamine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine) which enhances muscle cellular creatine and amino acid uptake. To increase GI absorption we have encapsulated these actives inside a chitosan loaded polymer (
Permeate), which results in greater than 8x absorption as compared to control test conditions
Thanks for the great question. Please feel free to send additional questions or comments.
Regards Darren"